R Notebook
Run download_data.Rmd and
percentage_of_regional_richness.Rmd First!
library(randomForest)randomForest 4.6-14
Type rfNews() to see new features/changes/bug fixes.library(reshape2)
library(rpart)
library(ggplot2)
Attaching package: ‘ggplot2’
The following object is masked from ‘package:randomForest’:
marginlibrary(tidyverse)Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'dbplyr':
method from
print.tbl_lazy
print.tbl_sql
── Attaching packages ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.3.1 ──
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✔ tidyr 1.1.3 ✔ stringr 1.4.0
✔ readr 1.4.0 ✔ forcats 0.5.1
✔ purrr 1.0.0
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✖ ggplot2::margin() masks randomForest::margin()library(multcomp)Loading required package: mvtnorm
Loading required package: survival
Loading required package: TH.data
Loading required package: MASS
Attaching package: ‘MASS’
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select
Attaching package: ‘TH.data’
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geyserlibrary(car)Loading required package: carData
Registered S3 method overwritten by 'data.table':
method from
print.data.table
Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'car':
method from
influence.merMod lme4
cooks.distance.influence.merMod lme4
dfbeta.influence.merMod lme4
dfbetas.influence.merMod lme4
Attaching package: ‘car’
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recode
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somelibrary(VSURF)
library(boot)
Attaching package: ‘boot’
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logit
The following object is masked from ‘package:survival’:
amllibrary(ggrepel)city_datalength(city_data$city_gdp_per_population[!is.na(city_data$city_gdp_per_population)])[1] 30length(city_data$percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces[!is.na(city_data$percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces)])[1] 61length(city_data$happiness_future_life[!is.na(city_data$happiness_future_life)])[1] 65length(city_data$mean_population_exposure_to_pm2_5_2019[!is.na(city_data$mean_population_exposure_to_pm2_5_2019)])[1] 131fetch_city_data_for <- function(pool_name, include_city_name = F) {
results_filename <- paste(paste('percentage_of_regional_richness__output_', pool_name, 'city', 'richness', 'intercept', sep = "_"), "csv", sep = ".")
results <- read_csv(results_filename)
joined <- left_join(city_data, results)
joined$abs_city_centre_latitude = abs(joined$city_centre_latitude)
required_columns <- c("population_growth", "rainfall_monthly_min", "rainfall_annual_average", "rainfall_monthly_max", "temperature_annual_average", "temperature_monthly_min", "temperature_monthly_max", "happiness_negative_effect", "happiness_positive_effect", "happiness_future_life", "number_of_biomes", "realm", "biome_name", "region_20km_includes_estuary", "region_50km_includes_estuary", "region_100km_includes_estuary", "city_includes_estuary", "region_20km_average_pop_density", "region_50km_average_pop_density", "region_100km_average_pop_density", "city_max_pop_density", "city_average_pop_density", "mean_population_exposure_to_pm2_5_2019", "region_20km_cultivated", "region_20km_urban", "region_50km_cultivated", "region_50km_urban", "region_100km_cultivated", "region_100km_urban", "region_20km_elevation_delta", "region_20km_mean_elevation", "region_50km_elevation_delta", "region_50km_mean_elevation", "region_100km_elevation_delta", "region_100km_mean_elevation", "city_elevation_delta", "city_mean_elevation", "urban", "shrubs", "permanent_water", "open_forest", "herbaceous_wetland", "herbaceous_vegetation", "cultivated", "closed_forest", "share_of_population_within_400m_of_open_space", "percentage_urban_area_as_streets", "percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces_and_streets", "percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces", "city_gdp_per_population", "city_ndvi", "city_ssm", "city_susm", "region_20km_ndvi", "region_20km_ssm", "region_20km_susm", "region_50km_ndvi", "region_50km_ssm", "region_50km_susm", "region_100km_ndvi", "region_100km_ssm", "region_100km_susm", "city_percentage_protected", "region_20km_percentage_protected", "region_50km_percentage_protected", "region_100km_percentage_protected", "city_centre_latitude", "abs_city_centre_latitude")
if (include_city_name) {
required_columns <- append(c("name"), required_columns)
}
required_columns <- append(c("response"), required_columns)
joined[,required_columns]
}| Merlin Response |
merlin_city_data <- fetch_city_data_for('merlin')
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
cols(
name = col_character(),
response = col_double()
)
Joining, by = "name"merlin_city_datamerlin_city_data_fixed <- rfImpute(response ~ ., merlin_city_data) | Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 24.49 119.66 |
| Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 24.67 120.55 |
| Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 24.34 118.94 |
| Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 24.32 118.81 |
| Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 24.29 118.68 |merlin_city_data_fixedggplot(merlin_city_data_fixed, aes(response)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2)
names(merlin_city_data_fixed) [1] "response" "population_growth" "rainfall_monthly_min"
[4] "rainfall_annual_average" "rainfall_monthly_max" "temperature_annual_average"
[7] "temperature_monthly_min" "temperature_monthly_max" "happiness_negative_effect"
[10] "happiness_positive_effect" "happiness_future_life" "number_of_biomes"
[13] "realm" "biome_name" "region_20km_includes_estuary"
[16] "region_50km_includes_estuary" "region_100km_includes_estuary" "city_includes_estuary"
[19] "region_20km_average_pop_density" "region_50km_average_pop_density" "region_100km_average_pop_density"
[22] "city_max_pop_density" "city_average_pop_density" "mean_population_exposure_to_pm2_5_2019"
[25] "region_20km_cultivated" "region_20km_urban" "region_50km_cultivated"
[28] "region_50km_urban" "region_100km_cultivated" "region_100km_urban"
[31] "region_20km_elevation_delta" "region_20km_mean_elevation" "region_50km_elevation_delta"
[34] "region_50km_mean_elevation" "region_100km_elevation_delta" "region_100km_mean_elevation"
[37] "city_elevation_delta" "city_mean_elevation" "urban"
[40] "shrubs" "permanent_water" "open_forest"
[43] "herbaceous_wetland" "herbaceous_vegetation" "cultivated"
[46] "closed_forest" "share_of_population_within_400m_of_open_space" "percentage_urban_area_as_streets"
[49] "percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces_and_streets" "percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces" "city_gdp_per_population"
[52] "city_ndvi" "city_ssm" "city_susm"
[55] "region_20km_ndvi" "region_20km_ssm" "region_20km_susm"
[58] "region_50km_ndvi" "region_50km_ssm" "region_50km_susm"
[61] "region_100km_ndvi" "region_100km_ssm" "region_100km_susm"
[64] "city_percentage_protected" "region_20km_percentage_protected" "region_50km_percentage_protected"
[67] "region_100km_percentage_protected" "city_centre_latitude" "abs_city_centre_latitude" merlin_response <- merlin_city_data_fixed$response
merlin_predictors <- merlin_city_data_fixed[,-1]
merlin_predictorsmerlin_interp <- VSURF(x = merlin_predictors, y = merlin_response)Thresholding step
Estimated computational time (on one core): 116.5 sec.
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Interpretation step (on 45 variables)
Estimated computational time (on one core): between 58.5 sec. and 407.3 sec.
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Prediction step (on 4 variables)
Maximum estimated computational time (on one core): 5.2 sec.
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|===================================================================================================================================================================================| 100%names(merlin_predictors[,merlin_interp$varselect.interp])[1] "abs_city_centre_latitude" "region_50km_elevation_delta" "region_50km_ssm" "region_100km_ssm" | Birdlife Response |
birdlife_city_data <- fetch_city_data_for('birdlife')
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
cols(
name = col_character(),
response = col_double()
)
Joining, by = "name"birdlife_city_dataggplot(birdlife_city_data, aes(response)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
birdlife_city_data_fixed <- rfImpute(response ~ ., birdlife_city_data) | Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 5.695 90.15 |
| Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 5.688 90.04 |
| Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 5.602 88.68 |
| Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 5.824 92.20 |
| Out-of-bag |
Tree | MSE %Var(y) |
300 | 5.771 91.36 |birdlife_city_data_fixednames(birdlife_city_data_fixed) [1] "response" "population_growth" "rainfall_monthly_min"
[4] "rainfall_annual_average" "rainfall_monthly_max" "temperature_annual_average"
[7] "temperature_monthly_min" "temperature_monthly_max" "happiness_negative_effect"
[10] "happiness_positive_effect" "happiness_future_life" "number_of_biomes"
[13] "realm" "biome_name" "region_20km_includes_estuary"
[16] "region_50km_includes_estuary" "region_100km_includes_estuary" "city_includes_estuary"
[19] "region_20km_average_pop_density" "region_50km_average_pop_density" "region_100km_average_pop_density"
[22] "city_max_pop_density" "city_average_pop_density" "mean_population_exposure_to_pm2_5_2019"
[25] "region_20km_cultivated" "region_20km_urban" "region_50km_cultivated"
[28] "region_50km_urban" "region_100km_cultivated" "region_100km_urban"
[31] "region_20km_elevation_delta" "region_20km_mean_elevation" "region_50km_elevation_delta"
[34] "region_50km_mean_elevation" "region_100km_elevation_delta" "region_100km_mean_elevation"
[37] "city_elevation_delta" "city_mean_elevation" "urban"
[40] "shrubs" "permanent_water" "open_forest"
[43] "herbaceous_wetland" "herbaceous_vegetation" "cultivated"
[46] "closed_forest" "share_of_population_within_400m_of_open_space" "percentage_urban_area_as_streets"
[49] "percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces_and_streets" "percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces" "city_gdp_per_population"
[52] "city_ndvi" "city_ssm" "city_susm"
[55] "region_20km_ndvi" "region_20km_ssm" "region_20km_susm"
[58] "region_50km_ndvi" "region_50km_ssm" "region_50km_susm"
[61] "region_100km_ndvi" "region_100km_ssm" "region_100km_susm"
[64] "city_percentage_protected" "region_20km_percentage_protected" "region_50km_percentage_protected"
[67] "region_100km_percentage_protected" "city_centre_latitude" "abs_city_centre_latitude" birdlife_response <- birdlife_city_data_fixed$response
birdlife_predictors <- birdlife_city_data_fixed[,-1]
birdlife_predictorsbirdlife_interp <- VSURF(x = birdlife_predictors, y = birdlife_response)Thresholding step
Estimated computational time (on one core): 105.8 sec.
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Estimated computational time (on one core): between 65 sec. and 432.5 sec.
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|===================================================================================================================================================================================| 100%names(birdlife_predictors[,birdlife_interp$varselect.interp])[1] "population_growth" "region_50km_ssm" | So…. |
|---|
| Merlin: “abs_city_centre_latitude” “region_50km_elevation_delta” “region_50km_ssm” “region_100km_ssm” Birdlife: “population_growth” “region_50km_ssm” |
Try Modelling
merlin_city_data_named <- fetch_city_data_for('merlin', T)
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
cols(
name = col_character(),
response = col_double()
)
Joining, by = "name"birdlife_city_data_named <- fetch_city_data_for('birdlife', T)
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
cols(
name = col_character(),
response = col_double()
)
Joining, by = "name"| Use cross validation and dropping terms to find best model |
full model: response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_20km_elevation_delta + region_20km_urban + region_100km_elevation_delta + temperature_annual_average + city_ndvi + city_gdp_per_population + shrubs + permanent_water + city_centre_latitude + region_20km_cultivated
Merlin data set
merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal <- merlin_city_data_fixed[merlin_city_data_fixed$biome_name != 'Boreal Forests/Taiga',]cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_elevation_delta + region_50km_ssm + region_100km_ssm))$delta[1][1] 20.89733– CVE 20.89733 – Can we drop one?
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_elevation_delta + region_50km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 20.62257cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_elevation_delta + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 20.59091cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_ssm + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 21.16605cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_elevation_delta + region_50km_ssm + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 20.65911– drop region_50km_ssm to give smaller CVE of 20.59091 – can we drop another?
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_elevation_delta, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 20.81971cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 20.85925cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_elevation_delta + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 20.34958– drop abs_city_centre_latitude to give smaller CVE of 20.34958 – can we drop another?
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_elevation_delta, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 20.56209cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 20.62128– No
| – best model with region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta (CV error 17.91216) |
summary(glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta))
Call:
glm(formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta,
data = merlin_city_data_fixed)
Deviance Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-7.7991 -3.2075 -0.5046 1.7160 18.6596
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 2.9334660 1.1943750 2.456 0.0153 *
region_100km_ssm -0.1495523 0.0741115 -2.018 0.0456 *
region_50km_elevation_delta -0.0006995 0.0003687 -1.897 0.0600 .
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
(Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 19.70889)
Null deviance: 2804 on 136 degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 2641 on 134 degrees of freedom
AIC: 802.16
Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2reg_merlin = glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta)
with(summary(reg_merlin), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)[1] 0.05815111Birdlife data set
birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal <- birdlife_city_data_fixed[birdlife_city_data_fixed$biome_name != 'Boreal Forests/Taiga',]cv.glm(birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ population_growth + region_50km_ssm, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 6.342024– can we drop a variable?
cv.glm(birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ population_growth, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 6.464698cv.glm(birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 6.291298– drop population_growth to give CVE of 6.291298 – is this better than no variable?
cv.glm(birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ 1, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1][1] 6.3957– yes
| – so best model with birdlife is region_50km_ssm |
summary(glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm))
Call:
glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed)
Deviance Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-4.5353 -1.5461 -0.4124 1.3071 10.7572
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 1.26916 0.65041 1.951 0.0531 .
region_50km_ssm -0.08499 0.04115 -2.065 0.0408 *
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
(Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 6.214378)
Null deviance: 865.44 on 136 degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 838.94 on 135 degrees of freedom
AIC: 643.05
Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2reg_birdlife = glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm)
with(summary(reg_birdlife), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)[1] 0.03062471ggplot(birdlife_city_data_named, aes(x = region_50km_ssm, y = response)) + geom_point() + geom_smooth(method = "glm")
| Check birdlife model fit |
birdlife.fit <- glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm)
summary(birdlife.fit)
Call:
glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed)
Deviance Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-4.5353 -1.5461 -0.4124 1.3071 10.7572
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 1.26916 0.65041 1.951 0.0531 .
region_50km_ssm -0.08499 0.04115 -2.065 0.0408 *
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
(Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 6.214378)
Null deviance: 865.44 on 136 degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 838.94 on 135 degrees of freedom
AIC: 643.05
Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2with(summary(birdlife.fit), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)[1] 0.03062471plot(birdlife.fit)
birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal[c(16, 53, 72), c("region_50km_ssm")][1] 18.451180 9.961682 11.644862city_data[c(16, 53, 72), c("name", "region_50km_ssm")]dat <- predict(glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm, data = birdlife_city_data_named), se.fit=T)
outside_se <- birdlife_city_data_named[birdlife_city_data_named$response < dat$fit - 15* dat$se.fit | birdlife_city_data_named$response > dat$fit + 15 * dat$se.fit,]
birdlife_ssm = ggplot(birdlife_city_data_named, aes(x = region_50km_ssm, y = response)) +
geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) +
geom_smooth(method = "glm") +
geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
geom_point(data = outside_se, color = "red") +
theme_bw() +
ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("Regional (50km) SSM")
birdlife_ssm
ggsave("city_effect_richness__output__birdlife.jpg")Saving 7.29 x 4.51 in image
How much variation have we explained?
birdlife_city_data_named$residuals <- resid(birdlife.fit)
ggplot(birdlife_city_data_named, aes(y = response, x = residuals)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = F) +
labs(title = "Birdlife", subtitle = paste("Correlation", cor(birdlife_city_data_named$residuals, birdlife_city_data_named$response))) +
theme_bw()
| Check Merlin model fit |
merlin.fit <- glm(data = merlin_city_data_named, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta)
summary(merlin.fit)
Call:
glm(formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta,
data = merlin_city_data_named)
Deviance Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-7.7991 -3.2075 -0.5046 1.7160 18.6596
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 2.9334660 1.1943750 2.456 0.0153 *
region_100km_ssm -0.1495523 0.0741115 -2.018 0.0456 *
region_50km_elevation_delta -0.0006995 0.0003687 -1.897 0.0600 .
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
(Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 19.70889)
Null deviance: 2804 on 136 degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 2641 on 134 degrees of freedom
AIC: 802.16
Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2with(summary(merlin.fit), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)[1] 0.05815111plot(merlin.fit)
merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal[c(24, 42, 72), c("region_100km_ssm", "region_50km_elevation_delta")]city_data[c(24, 42, 72), c("name", "region_100km_ssm", "region_50km_elevation_delta")]ggplot(merlin_city_data_named, aes(x = region_100km_ssm, y = response)) +
geom_point(aes(size = region_50km_elevation_delta)) +
geom_smooth(method = "glm") +
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position="bottom") +
ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("SSM in 100 km surrounding city") + guides(size=guide_legend(title="Regional (50 km) elevation delta"))
ggsave("city_effect_richness__output__merlin.jpg")Saving 7.29 x 4.51 in image
How much variation have we explained?
merlin_city_data_named$residuals <- resid(merlin.fit)
ggplot(merlin_city_data_named, aes(y = response, x = residuals)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = F) +
labs(title = "Merlin", subtitle = paste("Correlation", cor(merlin_city_data_named$residuals, merlin_city_data_named$response))) +
theme_bw()
| Check AIC |
AIC(
glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta + biome_name + population_growth),
glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta)
)AIC(
glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta + biome_name + population_growth),
glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm)
)| LDG |
birdlife_data_with_lat = fetch_city_data_for('birdlife', include_city_name = T)
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
cols(
name = col_character(),
response = col_double()
)
Joining, by = "name"model2 <- glm(formula = response ~ I(city_centre_latitude^2), data = birdlife_data_with_lat)
dat2 <- predict(model2, se.fit=T)
summary(model2)
Call:
glm(formula = response ~ I(city_centre_latitude^2), data = birdlife_data_with_lat)
Deviance Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-4.7461 -1.4878 -0.4638 1.2399 9.5839
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -0.4426687 0.3308024 -1.338 0.1831
I(city_centre_latitude^2) 0.0004780 0.0002725 1.754 0.0817 .
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
(Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 6.267834)
Null deviance: 865.44 on 136 degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 846.16 on 135 degrees of freedom
AIC: 644.23
Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2with(summary(model2), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)[1] 0.02228615outside_ldg_se <- birdlife_data_with_lat[birdlife_data_with_lat$response < dat2$fit - 15* dat2$se.fit | birdlife_data_with_lat$response > dat2$fit + 15 * dat2$se.fit,]
birdlife_ldg = ggplot(birdlife_data_with_lat, aes(x = city_centre_latitude, y = response)) +
geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) +
geom_smooth(method = "glm", formula = y ~ I(x^2)) +
geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_ldg_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
geom_point(data = outside_ldg_se, color = "red") +
theme_bw() +
ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("Latitude (of city centre)") + labs(title = "Birdlife LDG")
birdlife_ldg
ggsave('city_effect_richness__output__ldg_birdlife.jpg')Saving 7.29 x 4.51 in image
library(grid)
library(gridExtra)
Attaching package: ‘gridExtra’
The following object is masked from ‘package:dplyr’:
combine
The following object is masked from ‘package:randomForest’:
combinebirdlife_plot_ldg = ggplot(birdlife_data_with_lat, aes(x = city_centre_latitude, y = response)) +
geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) +
geom_smooth(method = "glm", formula = y ~ I(x^2)) +
geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_ldg_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
geom_point(data = outside_ldg_se, aes(color = region_50km_ssm)) +
scale_colour_gradientn(colours = c("#ffee00", "#0019ff"), limits=c(5,22)) +
guides(colour=guide_legend(title="SSM in 50 km surrounding city")) +
theme_bw() +
ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("Latitude (of city centre)") +
theme(legend.position="bottom", legend.box = "horizontal")
birdlife_plot_ldg
outside_ssm_se <- birdlife_city_data_named[birdlife_city_data_named$response < dat$fit - 15* dat$se.fit | birdlife_city_data_named$response > dat$fit + 15 * dat$se.fit,]
birdlife_ssm2 = ggplot(birdlife_city_data_named, aes(x = region_50km_ssm, y = response)) +
geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) +
geom_smooth(method = "glm") +
geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_ssm_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
geom_point(data = outside_ssm_se, aes(color = region_50km_ssm)) +
scale_colour_gradientn(colours = c("#ffee00", "#0019ff"), limits=c(5,22)) +
guides(colour=guide_legend(title="SSM in 50 km surrounding city")) +
theme_bw() +
ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("SSM in 50 km surrounding city") +
theme(legend.position="bottom", legend.box = "horizontal")
birdlife_ssm2
library(ggpubr)
birdlife_figure = ggarrange(birdlife_ssm2 + rremove("ylab"), birdlife_plot_ldg + rremove("ylab"), labels = c("a", "b"), ncol = 2, common.legend = T, legend = "bottom")`geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
`geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'annotate_figure(birdlife_figure,
left = text_grob("Standardized response", rot = 90))
ggsave('city_effect_richness__output__ldg_birdlife_with_ssm.jpg', height = 1500, width = 2250, units = "px")
merlin_data_with_lat = fetch_city_data_for('merlin', include_city_name = T)
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
cols(
name = col_character(),
response = col_double()
)
Joining, by = "name"model2 <- glm(formula = response ~ I(city_centre_latitude^2), data = merlin_data_with_lat)
dat2 <- predict(model2, se.fit=T)
summary(model2)
Call:
glm(formula = response ~ I(city_centre_latitude^2), data = merlin_data_with_lat)
Deviance Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-9.7067 -3.1557 -0.3365 1.4217 20.3506
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 6.972e-02 6.021e-01 0.116 0.908
I(city_centre_latitude^2) -7.529e-05 4.960e-04 -0.152 0.880
(Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 20.76719)
Null deviance: 2804.0 on 136 degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 2803.6 on 135 degrees of freedom
AIC: 808.35
Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2with(summary(model2), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)[1] 0.0001706366outside_se <- merlin_data_with_lat[merlin_data_with_lat$response < dat2$fit - 15* dat2$se.fit | merlin_data_with_lat$response > dat2$fit + 15 * dat2$se.fit,]
ggplot(merlin_data_with_lat, aes(x = city_centre_latitude, y = response)) +
geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) +
geom_smooth(method = "glm", formula = y ~ I(x^2)) +
geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
geom_point(data = outside_se, color = "red") +
theme_bw() +
ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("Latitude (of city centre)")
ggsave('city_effect_richness__output__ldg_merlin.jpg')Saving 7.29 x 4.51 in image
---
title: "R Notebook"
output: html_notebook
---
Run `download_data.Rmd` and `percentage_of_regional_richness.Rmd` First!

```{r setup}
library(randomForest)
library(reshape2)
library(rpart)
library(ggplot2)
library(tidyverse)

library(multcomp)
library(car)
library(VSURF)

library(boot)

library(ggrepel)
```

```{r}
city_data
```

```{r}
length(city_data$city_gdp_per_population[!is.na(city_data$city_gdp_per_population)])
length(city_data$percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces[!is.na(city_data$percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces)])
length(city_data$happiness_future_life[!is.na(city_data$happiness_future_life)])
length(city_data$mean_population_exposure_to_pm2_5_2019[!is.na(city_data$mean_population_exposure_to_pm2_5_2019)])
```

```{r}
fetch_city_data_for <- function(pool_name, include_city_name = F) {
  results_filename <- paste(paste('percentage_of_regional_richness__output_', pool_name, 'city', 'richness', 'intercept', sep = "_"), "csv", sep = ".")
  results <- read_csv(results_filename)
  
  joined <- left_join(city_data, results)
  joined$abs_city_centre_latitude = abs(joined$city_centre_latitude)
  
  required_columns <- c("population_growth", "rainfall_monthly_min", "rainfall_annual_average", "rainfall_monthly_max", "temperature_annual_average", "temperature_monthly_min", "temperature_monthly_max", "happiness_negative_effect", "happiness_positive_effect", "happiness_future_life", "number_of_biomes", "realm", "biome_name", "region_20km_includes_estuary", "region_50km_includes_estuary", "region_100km_includes_estuary", "city_includes_estuary", "region_20km_average_pop_density", "region_50km_average_pop_density", "region_100km_average_pop_density", "city_max_pop_density", "city_average_pop_density", "mean_population_exposure_to_pm2_5_2019", "region_20km_cultivated", "region_20km_urban", "region_50km_cultivated", "region_50km_urban", "region_100km_cultivated", "region_100km_urban", "region_20km_elevation_delta", "region_20km_mean_elevation", "region_50km_elevation_delta", "region_50km_mean_elevation", "region_100km_elevation_delta", "region_100km_mean_elevation", "city_elevation_delta", "city_mean_elevation", "urban", "shrubs", "permanent_water", "open_forest", "herbaceous_wetland", "herbaceous_vegetation", "cultivated", "closed_forest", "share_of_population_within_400m_of_open_space", "percentage_urban_area_as_streets", "percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces_and_streets", "percentage_urban_area_as_open_public_spaces", "city_gdp_per_population", "city_ndvi", "city_ssm", "city_susm", "region_20km_ndvi", "region_20km_ssm", "region_20km_susm", "region_50km_ndvi", "region_50km_ssm", "region_50km_susm", "region_100km_ndvi", "region_100km_ssm", "region_100km_susm", "city_percentage_protected", "region_20km_percentage_protected", "region_50km_percentage_protected", "region_100km_percentage_protected", "city_centre_latitude", "abs_city_centre_latitude")
  
  if (include_city_name) {
    required_columns <- append(c("name"), required_columns)
  }
  
  required_columns <- append(c("response"), required_columns)
  
  joined[,required_columns]
}
```


----------------------
Merlin Response
----------------------

```{r}
merlin_city_data <- fetch_city_data_for('merlin')
merlin_city_data
```

```{r}
merlin_city_data_fixed <- rfImpute(response ~ ., merlin_city_data)
merlin_city_data_fixed
```

```{r}
ggplot(merlin_city_data_fixed, aes(response)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2)
```

```{r}
names(merlin_city_data_fixed)
```

```{r}
merlin_response <- merlin_city_data_fixed$response
merlin_predictors <- merlin_city_data_fixed[,-1]
merlin_predictors
```

```{r, cache = TRUE}
merlin_interp <- VSURF(x = merlin_predictors, y  = merlin_response)
```

```{r}
names(merlin_predictors[,merlin_interp$varselect.interp])
```

----------------------
Birdlife Response
----------------------
```{r}
birdlife_city_data <- fetch_city_data_for('birdlife')
birdlife_city_data
```



```{r}
ggplot(birdlife_city_data, aes(response)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 1)
```

```{r}
birdlife_city_data_fixed <- rfImpute(response ~ ., birdlife_city_data)
birdlife_city_data_fixed
```

```{r}
names(birdlife_city_data_fixed)
```

```{r}
birdlife_response <- birdlife_city_data_fixed$response
birdlife_predictors <- birdlife_city_data_fixed[,-1]
birdlife_predictors
```


```{r, cache = TRUE}
birdlife_interp <- VSURF(x = birdlife_predictors, y  = birdlife_response)
```

```{r}
names(birdlife_predictors[,birdlife_interp$varselect.interp])
```


------------------------------------------
So....
------------------------------------------
Merlin: "abs_city_centre_latitude"    "region_50km_elevation_delta" "region_50km_ssm"             "region_100km_ssm" 
Birdlife: "population_growth" "region_50km_ssm"  

-----------------------------
Try Modelling
-----------------------------


```{r}
merlin_city_data_named <- fetch_city_data_for('merlin', T)
birdlife_city_data_named <- fetch_city_data_for('birdlife', T)
```

------------------------------------------------------------------
Use cross validation and dropping terms to find best model
------------------------------------------------------------------

full model:  response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_20km_elevation_delta + region_20km_urban + region_100km_elevation_delta + temperature_annual_average + city_ndvi + city_gdp_per_population + shrubs + permanent_water + city_centre_latitude + region_20km_cultivated


Merlin data set
----------------
```{r}
merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal <- merlin_city_data_fixed[merlin_city_data_fixed$biome_name != 'Boreal Forests/Taiga',]
```

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_elevation_delta + region_50km_ssm + region_100km_ssm))$delta[1]
```

-- CVE 20.89733
-- Can we drop one?

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_elevation_delta + region_50km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_elevation_delta + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_ssm + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_elevation_delta + region_50km_ssm + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```


-- drop region_50km_ssm to give smaller CVE of 20.59091
-- can we drop another?

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_50km_elevation_delta, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ abs_city_centre_latitude + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_elevation_delta + region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

-- drop abs_city_centre_latitude to give smaller CVE of 20.34958
-- can we drop another?

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_elevation_delta, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

```{r}
cv.glm(merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm, data = merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

-- No

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- best model with region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta (CV error 17.91216)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

```{r}
summary(glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta))
```

```{r}
reg_merlin = glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta)
with(summary(reg_merlin), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)
```

Birdlife data set
----------------
```{r}
birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal <- birdlife_city_data_fixed[birdlife_city_data_fixed$biome_name != 'Boreal Forests/Taiga',]
```

```{r}
cv.glm(birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ population_growth + region_50km_ssm, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

-- can we drop a variable?

```{r}
cv.glm(birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ population_growth, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```

```{r}
cv.glm(birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```


-- drop population_growth to give CVE of 6.291298
-- is this better than no variable?

```{r}
cv.glm(birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal, glm(formula = response ~ 1, data = birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal))$delta[1]
```
-- yes

----------------------------------------------------
-- so best model with birdlife is region_50km_ssm
----------------------------------------------------

```{r}
summary(glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm))
```

```{r}
reg_birdlife = glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm)
with(summary(reg_birdlife), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)
```


```{r}
ggplot(birdlife_city_data_named, aes(x = region_50km_ssm, y = response)) + geom_point() + geom_smooth(method = "glm")
```



------------------------
Check birdlife model fit
------------------------

```{r}
birdlife.fit <- glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm)
summary(birdlife.fit)
with(summary(birdlife.fit), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)
plot(birdlife.fit)
```

```{r}
birdlife_city_data_fixed_no_boreal[c(16, 53, 72), c("region_50km_ssm")]
```

```{r}
city_data[c(16, 53, 72), c("name", "region_50km_ssm")]
```

```{r}
dat <- predict(glm(formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm, data = birdlife_city_data_named), se.fit=T)

outside_se <- birdlife_city_data_named[birdlife_city_data_named$response < dat$fit - 15* dat$se.fit | birdlife_city_data_named$response > dat$fit + 15 * dat$se.fit,]

birdlife_ssm = ggplot(birdlife_city_data_named, aes(x = region_50km_ssm, y = response)) + 
  geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) + 
  geom_smooth(method = "glm") +
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
  geom_point(data = outside_se, color = "red") +
  theme_bw() +
  ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("Regional (50km) SSM")

birdlife_ssm
ggsave("city_effect_richness__output__birdlife.jpg")
```

How much variation have we explained?
------------------------------------

```{r}
birdlife_city_data_named$residuals <- resid(birdlife.fit)
ggplot(birdlife_city_data_named, aes(y = response, x = residuals)) + 
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = F) +
  labs(title = "Birdlife", subtitle = paste("Correlation", cor(birdlife_city_data_named$residuals, birdlife_city_data_named$response))) +
  theme_bw()
```

------------------------
Check Merlin model fit
------------------------

```{r}
merlin.fit <- glm(data = merlin_city_data_named, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta)
summary(merlin.fit)
with(summary(merlin.fit), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)
plot(merlin.fit)
```

```{r}
merlin_city_data_fixed_no_boreal[c(24, 42, 72), c("region_100km_ssm", "region_50km_elevation_delta")]
```

```{r}
city_data[c(24, 42, 72), c("name", "region_100km_ssm", "region_50km_elevation_delta")]
```

```{r}
ggplot(merlin_city_data_named, aes(x = region_100km_ssm, y = response)) + 
  geom_point(aes(size = region_50km_elevation_delta)) + 
  geom_smooth(method = "glm") +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(legend.position="bottom") +
  ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("SSM in 100 km surrounding city") + guides(size=guide_legend(title="Regional (50 km) elevation delta"))

ggsave("city_effect_richness__output__merlin.jpg")
```

How much variation have we explained?
------------------------------------
```{r}
merlin_city_data_named$residuals <- resid(merlin.fit)
ggplot(merlin_city_data_named, aes(y = response, x = residuals)) + 
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = F) +
  labs(title = "Merlin", subtitle = paste("Correlation", cor(merlin_city_data_named$residuals, merlin_city_data_named$response))) +
  theme_bw()
```


-------------------------
Check AIC
-------------------------

```{r}
AIC(
  glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta + biome_name + population_growth),
  glm(data = merlin_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta)
)
```

```{r}
AIC(
  glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_100km_ssm + region_50km_ssm + region_50km_elevation_delta + biome_name + population_growth),
  glm(data = birdlife_city_data_fixed, formula = response ~ region_50km_ssm)
)
```



---------------------
LDG
----------------------
```{r}
birdlife_data_with_lat = fetch_city_data_for('birdlife', include_city_name = T)

model2 <- glm(formula = response ~ I(city_centre_latitude^2), data = birdlife_data_with_lat)
dat2 <- predict(model2, se.fit=T)
summary(model2)

with(summary(model2), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)

outside_ldg_se <- birdlife_data_with_lat[birdlife_data_with_lat$response < dat2$fit - 15* dat2$se.fit | birdlife_data_with_lat$response > dat2$fit + 15 * dat2$se.fit,]

birdlife_ldg = ggplot(birdlife_data_with_lat, aes(x = city_centre_latitude, y = response)) + 
  geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) + 
  geom_smooth(method = "glm", formula = y ~ I(x^2)) +
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_ldg_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
  geom_point(data = outside_ldg_se, color = "red") +
  theme_bw() +
  ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("Latitude (of city centre)") + labs(title = "Birdlife LDG")

birdlife_ldg
ggsave('city_effect_richness__output__ldg_birdlife.jpg')
```


```{r}
library(grid)
library(gridExtra)
birdlife_plot_ldg = ggplot(birdlife_data_with_lat, aes(x = city_centre_latitude, y = response)) + 
  geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) + 
  geom_smooth(method = "glm", formula = y ~ I(x^2)) +
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_ldg_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
  geom_point(data = outside_ldg_se, aes(color = region_50km_ssm)) +
  scale_colour_gradientn(colours = c("#ffee00", "#0019ff"), limits=c(5,22)) +
  guides(colour=guide_legend(title="SSM in 50 km surrounding city")) +
  theme_bw() +
  ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("Latitude (of city centre)") + 
  theme(legend.position="bottom", legend.box = "horizontal")

birdlife_plot_ldg
```
```{r}
outside_ssm_se <- birdlife_city_data_named[birdlife_city_data_named$response < dat$fit - 15* dat$se.fit | birdlife_city_data_named$response > dat$fit + 15 * dat$se.fit,]

birdlife_ssm2 = ggplot(birdlife_city_data_named, aes(x = region_50km_ssm, y = response)) + 
  geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) + 
  geom_smooth(method = "glm") +
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_ssm_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
  geom_point(data = outside_ssm_se, aes(color = region_50km_ssm)) +
  scale_colour_gradientn(colours = c("#ffee00", "#0019ff"), limits=c(5,22)) +
  guides(colour=guide_legend(title="SSM in 50 km surrounding city")) +
  theme_bw() +
  ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("SSM in 50 km surrounding city") +
  theme(legend.position="bottom", legend.box = "horizontal")

birdlife_ssm2
```

```{r}
library(ggpubr)
birdlife_figure = ggarrange(birdlife_ssm2 + rremove("ylab"), birdlife_plot_ldg + rremove("ylab"), labels = c("a", "b"), ncol = 2, common.legend = T, legend = "bottom")
annotate_figure(birdlife_figure,
                left = text_grob("Standardized response", rot = 90))

ggsave('city_effect_richness__output__ldg_birdlife_with_ssm.jpg', height = 1500, width = 2250, units = "px")
```

```{r}
merlin_data_with_lat = fetch_city_data_for('merlin', include_city_name = T)

model2 <- glm(formula = response ~ I(city_centre_latitude^2), data = merlin_data_with_lat)
dat2 <- predict(model2, se.fit=T)
summary(model2)

with(summary(model2), 1 - deviance/null.deviance)

outside_se <- merlin_data_with_lat[merlin_data_with_lat$response < dat2$fit - 15* dat2$se.fit | merlin_data_with_lat$response > dat2$fit + 15 * dat2$se.fit,]

ggplot(merlin_data_with_lat, aes(x = city_centre_latitude, y = response)) + 
  geom_point(size=1, alpha = 0.2) + 
  geom_smooth(method = "glm", formula = y ~ I(x^2)) +
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = name), data = outside_se, size = 3, nudge_y = 1, color = "red") +
  geom_point(data = outside_se, color = "red") +
  theme_bw() +
  ylab("Standardized response") + xlab("Latitude (of city centre)")

ggsave('city_effect_richness__output__ldg_merlin.jpg')
```